[28], A 9th-century collection of church legislation known as the False Decretals, which was once attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries. The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Photios as a saint, his feast day being February 6, as well as Ignatius, whose feast day is on October 23. [42] Antonescu partly complied with the request but also asked Carol to bestow upon him the reserve powers for Romanian heads of state. These three conventional branches feature some of the following sub-branches: Some linguists speculate that a North Slavic branch has existed as well. His reform focused on strengthening the church's power structure, improving clergy's skill and moral quality, standardising liturgical practices, improvements on the basic tenets of the faith and the rooting out of paganism. Borrowed Yiddish words include bachor (an unruly boy or child), bajzel (slang for mess), belfer (slang for teacher), ciuchy (slang for clothing), cymes (slang for very tasty food), geszeft (slang for business), kitel (slang for apron), machlojka (slang for scam), mamona (money), manele (slang for oddments), myszygene (slang for lunatic), pinda (slang for girl, pejoratively), plajta (slang for bankruptcy), rejwach (noise), szmal (slang for money), and trefny (dodgy). [5] Accordingly, Antonescu formally outlawed all political forces in February 1941, codifying penal labor as punishment for most public forms of political expression. Events in the Duchy of Vasconia (rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown in Aragon, Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) Rarely used until the end of the 19th century compared to 'Bulgarians', the term 'Macedonian Slavs' served more to conceal rather than define the national character of the population of Macedonia. [92][419] Antonescu's new orders on the matter were brought up in his conversations with Hitler at Schloss Klessheim, where both leaders show themselves aware of the fate awaiting Jewish deportees to Poland. [171], A 2010 episode of QI discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor (see most recent common ancestor). [14] Bibesco saw Antonescu as a new version of 19th century nationalist Frenchman Georges Boulanger, introducing him as such to Le Bon. Otherwise the policy of minimal resistance changed towards 1943 with the arrival of the Montenegrin Svetozar Vukmanovi-Tempo, who began to organize an energetic struggle against the Bulgarian occupants. [407] As the Romanian administrators abandoned Transnistria, most survivors from the group returned on their own in summer 1944. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. [156] In parallel with the military losses, Romania was confronted with large-scale economic problems. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. From 1946 until the end of the Civil War in 1949, the NOF was loyal to Greece and was fighting for minimal human rights within the borders of a Greek republic. The westernmost parts of Vardar Macedonia was occupied by the fascist Kingdom of Italy. 34, 241246, 265266, 343346; Gella, p. 172; Guran & tefan, p. 112; Ioanid, pp. After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on Nazi Germany, the withdrawing Bulgarian troops in Macedonia surrounded by German forces, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria. [200], Antonescu was represented by Constantin Paraschivescu-Blceanu and Titus Stoica, two public defenders whom he had first consulted with a day before the procedures were initiated. [155], Upon his return, Antonescu blamed the Romanian losses on German overseer Arthur Hauffe, whom Hitler agreed to replace. The resulting standardisation economically harmonised and unified the complex array of currencies that had been in use at the commencement of his reign, thus simplifying trade and commerce. The oral vowels are /i/ (spelled i), // (spelled y and also transcribed as //), // (spelled e), /a/ (spelled a), // (spelled o) and /u/ (spelled u and as separate letters). After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100. Slovene and Serbo-Croatian). In the United States, Polish Americans number more than 11 million but most of them cannot speak Polish fluently. [461], Organized resistance movements in Antonescu's Romania were comparatively small-scale and marginal. (1995). Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power, and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. [62] Some recent data has announced that even the National Liberation War of Macedonia has resembled ethno-political motivated civil war. Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia, Liverpool University Press. Misirkov calls this language Macedonian. 291, 297, Deletant, pp. [519] In its preface, official historian Nicolae Minei claimed that Romania was not responsible for any deaths among Jews. However, Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria and Croatia.[86]. Under the leadership of a new Bulgarian pro-Communist government, three Bulgarian armies, 455,000 strong in total, entered occupied Yugoslavia in late September 1944 and moved from Sofia to Ni and Skopje with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions. Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of the system of identification in German camps.They were used in the concentration camps in the German-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority. [115][116] An estimated 500 Macedonians receive Bulgarian citizenship every week. [287] Many young German Romanian men opted to join the Schutzstaffel as early as 1940 and, in 1943, an accord between Antonescu and Hitler automatically sent ethnic Germans of recruitable age into the Wehrmacht. In the Romantic Era, the most celebrated national poets, referred to as the Three Bards, were Adam Mickiewicz (Pan Tadeusz and Dziady), Juliusz Sowacki (Balladyna) and Zygmunt Krasiski (The Undivine Comedy). [9] Such was the influence of Antonescu on General Prezan that General Alexandru Averescu used the formula "Prezan (Antonescu)" in his memoirs to denote Prezan's plans and actions. These did little to change its ethnic composition (the region being almost completely populated by Greeks or Hellenized people by that time) but left much of the region depopulated. This began in 1945, when Jewish journalists Marius Mircu and Maier Rudrich contributed first-hand testimonies. The creator of modern Bulgarian historiography, Petar Bogdan Bakshev in his first work "Description of the Bulgarian Kingdom" in 1640, mentioned the geographical and ethnic borders of Bulgaria and Bulgarian people including also "the greather part of Macedonia as far as Ohrid, up to the boundaries of Albania and Greece ". Only the Croatian vernacular literary tradition nearly matches Church Slavonic in age. The Bulgarian propaganda made a comeback in the 1890s with regard to both education and arms. Only received by one other officer in the army during the, Romania's highest military decoration. (1893-1934). However the decision taken at the Congress of Berlin soon turned the Macedonian question into "the apple of constant discord" between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. [222], Conductor Antonescu thought Hitler willing to revise his stance on Northern Transylvania, and claimed to have obtained the German leader's agreement, using it to justify participation on the Eastern Front after the recovery of Bessarabia. [2] Clement calls for repentance and reinstatement of those who have been deposed, in line with maintenance of order and obedience to church authority, since the apostles established the ministry of "bishops and deacons. [180] In reaction, Antonescu attempted to stabilize the front on a line between Focani, Nmoloasa and Brila, deep inside Romanian territory. [121] On 18 June 1941, Antonescu gave orders to his generals about "cleansing the ground" of Jews when Romanian forces entered Bessarabia and Bukovina. The autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate established in 1870 included northwestern Macedonia. No more Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia. This campaign was successful especially in Eastern and later in Central Macedonia, when Bulgarians entered the area in 1943. [147][547] While the FSN-supported Romanian President Ion Iliescu publicly opposed attempts to rehabilitate Antonescu and acknowledged the "crimes he committed against the Jews", it was his successor, Emil Constantinescu, a representative of the Democratic Convention, who in 1997 became the first Romanian officeholder to recognize the collective responsibility of Romanian authorities. Tomasz Kamusella,[40] Agnieszka Pianka, Alfred F. Majewicz,[41] Tomasz Wicherkiewicz)[42] assume that extralinguistic criteria decide whether a lect is an independent language or a dialect: speakers of the speech variety or/and political decisions, and this is dynamic (i.e. Etymologia wyrazu upir wampir w jzykach sowiaskich. [443] A prominent case was that of Iosif Iacobici, the Chief of the Romanian General Staff, whose objection to the massive transfer of Romanian troops to the Eastern Front resulted in his demotion and replacement with Ilie teflea (January 1942). 152154, 158159; White, p. 158, Cioroianu, p. 55; Deletant, pp. Born in the town of Piteti, north-west of the capital Bucharest, Antonescu was the scion of an upper-middle class Romanian Orthodox family with some military tradition. These are analogous to, and inspired the myth of, the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur's court. The resulting dated tree complies with the traditional expert views on the Slavic group structure. With the ongoing war, new anti-fascist partisan units were constantly formed and in 1942 a total of nine small partisan detachments were active in Vardar Macedonia and had maintained control of mountainous territories around Prilep, Skopje, Kruevo and Veles. pl., depending on inflectional class) having a different length from the other forms. Its main pillar throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule had been the indigenous Greek population of historical Macedonia. [72] Before the Balkan Wars the regional Macedonian dialects were treated as Bulgarian and the Exarchate school system taught the locals in Bulgarian. 102, 107; Nicholls, p. 225; Veiga, p. 296, Cioroianu, p. 54; Deletant, pp. [1] When enemy troops crossed the mountains from Transylvania into Wallachia, Antonescu was ordered to design a defense plan for Bucharest. The way to public life was probably opened for him by (according to one account) the marriage of his brother Sergios to Irene, a sister of Empress Theodora, who upon the death of her husband Emperor Theophilos (r. 829842) in 842, had assumed the regency of the Byzantine Empire. Then in the resistance movement in Vardar Macedonia were clearly visible two political tendencies. Antonescu is reported to have found Codreanu arrogant, but to have welcomed his revolutionizing approach to politics. The deportees' remaining property was nationalized, confiscated or left available for plunder. [147] A decisive factor in Antonescu's compliance with the request appears to have been a special visit to Bucharest by Wehrmacht chief of staff Wilhelm Keitel, who introduced the Conductor to Hitler's plan for attacking the Caucasus (see Battle of the Caucasus). In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace; he would have even have Leo blinded had he not been dissuaded by Photios and Stylianos Zaoutzes, the father of Zoe Zaoutzaina, Leo's mistress. [92][311], In the aftermath of the pogrom, thousands of survivors were loaded into the so-called "death trains". [128] Antonescu believed that the liberal humanist-democratic-capitalist values of the West and Communism were both invented by the Jews to destroy Romania. In these conditions, the Romanian government made its own peace treaty with the Central Powers. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, but when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position. The female equivalent is Khatun.. It began with the Vinodol Codex and continued through the Renaissance until the codifications of Croatian in 1830, though much of the literature between 1300 and 1500 was written in much the same mixture of the vernacular and Church Slavonic as prevailed in Russia and elsewhere. In, Harvc error: no target: CITEREFVanderpool1982 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWorthington2014 (, Hornblower, Simon. The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. The history of 1 Clement clearly and continuously shows Clement as the author of this letter. [520] Other official texts made more radical claims, openly denying that Antonescu's regime was antisemitic, and that all those killed were victims of Germany or of circumstance. Bou, Ami. For those sins that follow, a person must have faith in divine mercy and, at the same time, that person must exhibit his or her own good deeds, apart from which the person cannot be saved"[19] David Downs argued against the view that Clement of Rome holds synergist views, he argued that Clement did not write a letter about deep soteriology, but instead to provide moral guidance to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According to the soteriological economy of Clement everything rests on the goodness, mercy, and election of the Creator, which have befitted the 'chosen portion' through Jesus". [d] While in the mid-19th century it was customary to identify him as a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian, this identification, which no ancient sources suggest, afterwards lost support. [54], ^d:G. N. Wilson regards Leo the Mathematician as Photios's teacher, but Paul Lemerle notes that Leo was not one of the persons with whom Photios had a correspondence.[55]. In 789, Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. These endings are not counted in determining the position of the stress; for example, zrobibym ('I would do') is stressed on the first syllable, and zrobilibymy ('we would do') on the second. [482] On a more intimate level, a diary kept by philosopher and art critic Alice Voinescu expresses her indignation over the antisemitic measures and massacres. [13] He was also in contact with the Romanian-born conservative aristocrat and writer Marthe Bibesco, who introduced Antonescu to the ideas of Gustave Le Bon, a researcher of crowd psychology who had an influence on Fascism. According to Einhard: The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. Its capital was Delminium (current name Tomislavgrad); its territory stretched northwards from the river Neretva to the river Cetina, and later to the Krka, where it met the confines of Liburnia. Two days later, on 24 June, the BCP called for an armed resistance against the Wehrmacht and the Bogdan Filov government. However it was not so effective in German-occupied Western Macedonia. The decision was politically motivated and aimed at weakening the position of Serbia within Yugoslavia and of Bulgaria with regard to Yugoslavia. The ethnic Macedonian ideology during the second half of the 19th century was at its inception. [5], During the repression of the 1907 peasants' revolt, he headed a cavalry unit in Covurlui County. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Mongolian words were brought to the Polish language during wars with the armies of Genghis Khan and his descendants, e.g. 1315, 4142, Boia, p. 336; Cioroianu, pp. pikny kwiat, "beautiful flower") while categorizing adjective often follows the noun (e.g. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. In Hispania, the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign. [15], After returning to Romania in 1926, Antonescu resumed his teaching in Sibiu, and, in the autumn of 1928, became Secretary-General of the Defense Ministry in the Vintil Brtianu cabinet. [442] Dissent from Antonescu's policies sometimes came from inside his own camp. Goga's appointment was meant to curb the rise of the more popular and even more radical Codreanu. The prominent force which occupied most of Vardar Macedonia, was the Bulgarian 5th Army. From 781 (Pallars, Ribagora) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse (790) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica. He is the main protagonist of the "Carolingian Renaissance". [33] However anti-Serb and pro-Bulgarian feelings among the local population at this period prevailed.[34]. 170.[2]. Many Slavs came to serve as soldiers in Byzantine armies and settled in other parts of the Byzantine Empire. Ion Antonescu (/ n t n s k u /; Romanian: [i'on antonesku] (); 14 June [O.S. 340341; Deletant, pp. Pashko Gjonaij. 167, 326; Trac, pp. Also present in many Slavic languages are clusters rarely found cross-linguistically, as in Russian [rtut] ("mercury") or Polish mchu [mxu] ("moss", gen. Detachments of Avars often joined the Slavs in their onslaughts, but the Avars did not form any lasting settlements in the region. [122] In deep depression (mostly because many of his plans were not yet realised), he took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it: He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign. There is scholarly debate over this topic, summarised in, The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is a matter of dispute. Meanwhile, the flight and expulsion of Germans (194450), as well as the expulsion of Ukrainians and Operation Vistula, the 1947 forced resettlement of Ukrainian minorities to the Recovered Territories in the west of the country, contributed to the country's linguistic homogeneity. [510] The regime also came to cultivate a relationship with exiled tycoon Iosif Constantin Drgan, a former Iron Guard member who had come to endorse both Antonescu's rehabilitation and the national communist version of protochronism. The letters Y and Z were later added to represent Greek letters, upsilon and zeta respectively, in Greek loanwords. For a while before the massacre, these issued propaganda claiming that the Jews in Iai, whose numbers had been increased by forced evictions from smaller localities,[309] were actively helping Soviet bombers find their targets through the blackout and plotting against the authorities, with Antonescu himself ordering that the entire community be expelled from the city on such grounds. [532] In his bid for the office of President during the 1996 election, Vadim Tudor vowed to be a new Antonescu. The Russo-Turkish War of 18771878 (Turkish: 93 Harbi, lit. 1979. He reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The British Foreign Office and Macedonian National Identity, 19181941, Andrew Rossos' Slavic Review, Vol. (1889). [32] Yet it appears that he did not remain reviled for the remainder of his life. [136] When Wilhelm Filderman wrote a letter to Antonescu complaining about the murder of Jews in Odessa, Antonescu wrote back: "Your Jews, who have become Soviet commissars, are driving Soviet soldiers in the Odessa region into a futile bloodbath, through horrendous terror techniques as the Russian prisoners themselves have admitted, simply to cause us heavy losses".
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