During a press conference the same day, the author Stefan Heym also read the appeal, and within a few days it had received 1.17million signatures. [66], In Clause 10. These events were closely linked to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's decision to abandon Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe as well as the reformist movements that spread through Eastern Bloc countries. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. [31] At its head was a three-man sovereignty council, composed of members of Iraq's three main communal/ethnic groups. From August, East German citizens had occupied the West German Embassy in Prague and demanded exile to West Germany. '[96], Several authors have conducted studies on the number of Palestinian localities that were abandoned, evacuated or destroyed during the 19471949 period. While the current government emphasizes that the US-South Korea alliance is central for the countrys security, the long-term strategic challenge will be to balance carefully relations with the US, but also with China and other regional actors in an increasingly volatile security environment. in, Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. Other protests outside the Palace of the Republic were also brutally repressed. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia included students and older dissidents. It was a net exporter of technology. In the end, however, the students moved through the city peacefully and sent a delegation to the Slovak Ministry of Education to discuss their demands. Mass mob violence did not die down until Qasim imposed a curfew, which still did not prevent the disinterment, mutilation and parading of Al-Said's corpse through the streets the day after its burial. [18]:265 "Sinc [8], Students and theatres went on "permanent" strike. "I'm for teaching the Nakba to all students in Israel. After the civil war in 1948 and increased poverty in Colombia many Colombians also emigrated to United States during the 1950s. An Interview With Benny Morris", "Calling a Spade a Spade: The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine", "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194", "Book Review: Palestine Betrayed by Efraim Karsh", 'Ben-Gurions uncensored diary revealed: 'Pester and motivate the refugees to move eastward',', 'Jewish soldiers and civilians looted Arab neighbors' property en masse in '48,', "Total Registered Refugees per Country and Area", Assistance To Palestine Refugees UN Doc A/1905, "Israeli Emergency Regulations & The Defense (Emergency) Regulations of 1945", "THE FORGOTTEN REFUGEES: the causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries", "Lyn Julius: Recognising the plight of Jewish refugees from Arab countries", "Palestinians warn of executing Israeli "absentee property" law in Jerusalem", "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs", "Nakba, Even as Israel Cuts Them Off From Their Sources", "Permanent Homes for Palestinian Refugees", "Israeli legislation raises loyalty issue", "Ex-education minister calls for Nakba studies in school", "Congress considers recognizing Jewish refugees", "Jewish refugees bill being considered by U.S. House of Representatives", "House members seek recognition for Jewish refugees from Arab countries", The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, "Rewriting The History of 1948: The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Question Revisited", The Peel Commission Report from the United Nations, UN report on pre-war non-Jewish population, United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People, Institute for Palestine Studies publishes 1937 Ben-Gurion letter, iNakba is a mobile app enabling users to locate, learn and contribute information about Palestinian localities destroyed in 1948, The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem, Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus, Palestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight&oldid=1118761755, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 4.9 million (Registered with UNRWAincluding descendants and re-settled). Applications to leave were often not approved and could take years to process. While most historians trace the origins of the Cold War to the period immediately following World War II, some argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power. The formation of the UAR and Nasser's lofty rhetoric calling for a united Arab world galvanised pan-Arabism in both the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. A reward of 10,000 Iraqi dinar was offered for his capture[25] and a large-scale search began. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia occurred mainly due to national governance issues between the Slovaks and Czechs (the two major ethnicities comprising the former Czechoslovakia). [2] The event marked the 50th anniversary of a violently suppressed demonstration against the Nazi storming of Prague University in 1939 where 1,200 students were arrested and 9 killed (see Origin of International Students' Day). [14] The outcome of the transition to democracy and a market economy would depend on the extent to which developments outside the country facilitated or hindered the process of change.[15]. The attention of the commanders of the Alexandroni Brigade was turned to reducing the Mount Carmel pocket. Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans.Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. [10] With the full outbreak of civil war (194649), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. '[90], Papp's scholarship on the issue has been subject to severe criticism. The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi coup d'tat, took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, and resulted in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq that had been established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British. It notes that the devastation was virtually complete in some sub-districts. The war is generally divided into two phases with an interlude: from August 1927 to 1937, the KMT-CCP Alliance collapsed during the Northern Expedition, and the Nationalists controlled most of China. Theorists of revolutions, such as Jaroslav Krej, have argued that the "Velvet Revolution" was not, in fact, a true revolution because a revolution by definition accomplishes change by means of illegitimate violence. This has become more common since the late 1980s, to the point that since then the vast majority of newspaper articles and studies, and a third of the veterans' memoirs, have presented a more balanced narrative. Libya: humanitarian crisis worsening amid deepening conflict and COVID-19 threat, War and pandemic compound Libyas humanitarian crisis, Post-Gadhafi Libya: Crippled by continuous clashes, political instability, "President Obama: Libya aftermath 'worst mistake' of presidency", "Immediate and permanent ceasefire agreement throughout Libya signed in Geneva", "African Countries by GDP Per Capita > GDP Per Capita (most recent) by Country", "Murder and torture 'carried out by both sides' of uprising against Libyan regime", "Pro-Gaddafi tanks storm into Libya's Misurata: TV", "Qaddafi's Grip on the Capital Tightens as Revolt Grows", "First it was Saddam. Iraqi leaders had no interest in uniting with Egypt and instead proposed and ratified their own pan-Arab union with Hashemite Jordan in May 1958. As per the agreement, the Soviet troops departed within months. In 1948, in the aftermath of the assassination of the populist politician Jorge Elicer Gaitn, there occurred a decade of large-scale political violence throughout Colombia, which was a Conservative Liberal civil war that killed more than 200,000 people. [37] In particular, it was examined whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. The conflict has been mostly between the government of the House of Representatives, also known as the "Tobruk government", which was assigned as a result of a very low-turnout elections in 2014 and was internationally recognized as the "Libyan Government" until the establishment of GNA; and the rival Islamist government of the General National Congress (GNC), also called the "National Salvation Government", based in the capital Tripoli. It stamped the passports of people caught trying to illegally cross the border, rather than arresting them or reporting them to the East German authorities; first-time offenders would just get a warning, and no stamp. It is traditionally observed as an important day of remembrance. It called for "a separate identity for the GDR" to be established and warned against a "sell-out of our material and moral values" through reunification, stating there was still "the chance to develop a socialist alternative to the FRG as an equal partner amongst the states of Europe".[79]. London: Palestine Land Society and Palestinian Return Centre, 2001. [24][Note 1], The government also forcibly exiled people, and political prisoners and their families could be ransomed to the West German government, although those involved had no choice in the matter. [76] Over the next few days streams of cars queued at the checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and the inner German border to travel through to West Germany. [18]:615. Prv vysielanie zberov zo 17. novembra 1989, Stanislav Hber: Ako vzniklo prv tdio dialg, Wolchik, Sharon L. "Czechoslovakia's 'Velvet Revolution.'" [11] The increase in prosperity was accompanied by a controversial foreign policy and increased political repression at home. [citation needed], Karsh concludes that there was no Jewish grand design to force this departure, and that in fact the Haifa Jewish leadership tried to convince some Arabs to stay, to no avail. Striking students and theatres did not seem likely to intimidate a state that was able to suppress any sort of demonstration. The United Nations brokered a cease-fire in December 2015, and on 31 March 2016 the leaders of a new UN-supported "unity government" arrived in Tripoli. Countless books, songs and poems have been written about the Nakba. Taft. Drask worked at the college and shared her hoax with several people the next day, including the wife of journalist Petr Uhl, a correspondent for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. One draft, for example, of Truman's speech spoke of the "great natural resources" of the Middle East at stake (Kolko & Kolko 1972, p.341). In World War I, the British, French and Russian Empires had composed the major Allied Powers from the start, and the US joined them as a self-styled Associated Power in April 1917. After his election as Minister President in the People's Chamber on 13 November 1989, Hans Modrow affirmed on 16 November that, from the GDR viewpoint, reunification was not on the agenda. While most historians trace the origins of the Cold War to the period immediately following World War II, some argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power. 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Timeline of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, Politics of the Palestinian National Authority, 1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle, United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273, United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel, Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948, 1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle, Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War), Flight and expulsion of Germans (194450), History of Palestine (region)#Post-Mandate, List of villages depopulated during the ArabIsraeli conflict, List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the events, "Why Nakba is the Palestinians' most sombre day, in 100 and 300 words", "A 'Catastrophe' That Defines Palestinian Identity", "The Israeli left has broken the Nakba taboo. It was the first free discussion on Czechoslovak television since its inception. After the civil war in 1948 and increased poverty in Colombia many Colombians also emigrated to United States during the 1950s. However, when Modrow committed to a one-nation Germany a few days later, the United Left withdrew its acceptance due to "a breach of trust" and rejected being involving in the government. It is uncertain what orders were given to the palace detachment, and what level of force they detailed. 1990. Although the Government of National Accord is now functioning and is backed by the UN, its authority is still unclear as specific details acceptable to both sides have not yet been agreed upon. The fall of the inner German border took place shortly The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) joined the UAR soon after its formation. [17] The term was used internationally to describe the revolution, although the Czechs also used the term internally. [42][43], From 10 September 1989, the Hungarian government allowed all East Germans to cross the Austro-Hungarian border without hindrance. [21], Citizens demanded their legal right to observe the vote count. While most historians trace the origins of the Cold War to the period immediately following World War II, some argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power. Although Krenz, 52, was the youngest member of the Politburo, he was a hardliner who had congratulated the Chinese regime on its brutal crushing of the Tiananmen Square demonstration. Jiryis, Sabri (1981): "Domination by the Law". News. In the autumn of 1948 the refugee problem was a fact and possible solutions were discussed. It was clear to the villages in the Galilee, that if they left, return was far from imminent. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical To this figure, the report's compilers add the operations of the Irgun and Lehi, which "directly (caused) some 15% of the emigration". [28]:60, During the "long seminar", a meeting of Ben-Gurion with his chief advisors in January 1948, the main point was that it was desirable to "transfer" as many Arabs as possible out of Jewish territory, and the discussion focussed mainly on the implementation. It was common for people to lose their jobs after making an application and to be harassed by the Stasi. "The Israeli National Information Center and collective memory of the Israeli-Arab conflict". They understood their mission as deposing the corrupt regimes that weakened a unified Arab nation and thrown their countries into distress. At the first meeting of the Central Round Table on 7 December 1989, the participants defined the new body as an advisory and decision-making institution. [7][8], The scenario for the war was NATO launching a nuclear attack on Polish and Czechoslovak cities in the Vistula river valley area in a first-strike scenario, which would prevent Warsaw Pact commanders from sending reinforcements to East Germany to forestall a possible NATO invasion of that country. "Libya's Crisis: A Shattered Airport, Two Parliaments, Many Factions". Colombian Americans (Spanish studying in universities across the country (Madrigal, 2013; Sassen-Koob, 1989). Writers or filmmakers could have their books or films banned for a "negative attitude towards the socialist regime". Seven Days to the River Rhine (Russian: , Sem' dney do reki Reyn) was a top-secret military simulation exercise developed in 1979 by the Warsaw Pact.It depicted the Soviet bloc's vision of a seven-day nuclear war between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces. Cross currents of communism, Arab and Iraqi nationalism, anti-Westernism and the 'positive neutrality' of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic have been affecting the country. The number of applications for an Ausreiseantrag (permission to leave the country) had increased and there was discontent about housing conditions and shortages of basic products. Livefree.cam offers the very best live sex webcams from around the world. He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Between the first and eighth of October 1989, 14 so-called "Freedom Trains" (German: Flchtlingszge aus Prag[de]) carried a total of 12,000 people to Hof, in Bavaria. Porath contrasts this with what he calls the "national calamity" and "unending personal tragedies" suffered by the Palestinians that resulted in "the collapse of the Palestinian community, the fragmentation of a people, and the loss of a country that had in the past been mostly Arabic-speaking and Islamic". [114][115][116][117], However, al-Husseini, Palestinian governor of East Jerusalem in the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), has said that the Israeli law "is racist and imperialistic, which aims at seizing thousands of acres and properties of lands".[118]. Hundreds of discrete flyers with varying messages were printed, but most shared the same ideals. Holy, Ladislav (1996). The 1948 War against Israel was an experience that intensified the Egyptian Free Officers' sense of duty. Besetzung Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung 1989. [6][7] On October 23, 2020, parties signed a permanent ceasefire. [21] The success of the Free Officers in overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy and seizing power in 1952 made Nasser a source of inspiration too. Morris, 2004, p. 137, quoting Haganah Archive (HA) 105\257. [45], The largest of these was the New Forum (German:Neues Forum). It was the way things had always been done to us, in the Holocaust, throughout the world war, and all the pogroms. [3][31] After the Pan-European Picnic, Erich Honecker dictated to the Daily Mirror of August 19, 1989: Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. The Velvet Revolution (Czech: Sametov Revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (Slovak: Nen Revolcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. [45] New Forum acted as an umbrella organisation for activist groups across the country. "Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point? They denounced the attack against the students in Prague on 17 November and formed Public Against Violence, which would become the leading force behind the opposition movement in Slovakia. Roskilde, while having no military significance, is the second-largest city on Zealand and located close to the Danish capital Copenhagen (the distance from central Copenhagen to Roskilde is only 35km or 22mi). The evening news showed factory workers heckling Miroslav tpn, the Prague Communist Secretary. By 16:00(4:00 pm), about 15,000 people joined the demonstration. On 18 October, only eleven days after these events, Honecker was removed as head of the party and the state and was replaced by Egon Krenz. He announced that the Stasi had a file on the now-ousted leader. In the evening, Radio Free Europe reported that a student (named as Martin md) was killed by the police during the previous day's demonstration. [24] Only Princess Hiyam survived although how and why she did is unclear. Therefore, the transformations in Poland and Hungary and the collapse of the regime in East Germany, both of which could be traced to the new attitude of the Soviets toward East Europe, encouraged Czechs and Slovaks to take to the streets to win their freedom. Although the report was false, it heightened the feeling of crisis, and persuaded some hesitant citizens to overcome their fear and join the protests.[5]. "The enduring significance of the Truman doctrine. Colombian Heads of State; Colombian Profiles and Personalities; Moments and Events in Colombia. 4867. [126] Following public criticism the bill draft was changed, the prison sentence dropped and instead the Minister of Finance would have the authority to reduce state funding for Israeli institutions that hold the commemorations. As all media (radio, TV, newspapers) were strictly controlled by the Communist Party (see Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia), this was the only way to spread the message. COHRE and BADIL also note that other sources refer to an additional 151 localities that are omitted from Khalidi's study for various reasons (for example, major cities and towns that were depopulated, as well as some Bedouin encampments and villages "vacated" before the start of hostilities). Other communist countries were pursuing market-led reforms, but the government of Erich Honecker rejected such changes, claiming they contradicted Marxist ideology. [26][Note 2], Most of those who tried to escape illegally after 1961 travelled to other Eastern Bloc countries, as they believed their western borders were easier to breach than East Germany's. In 1948, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that "Urdu, and only Urdu" would be the federal language of Pakistan. In Erfurt, for example, they happened on Thursdays. London: The Palestinian Return Centre, 2000. Most members of SSM were privately opposed to the Communist leadership, but were afraid of speaking up for fear of persecution. [56] They continued sporadically until 1991. A decision was made on 9 May 1948 to expel or subdue the villages of Kafr Saba, al-Tira, Qaqun, Qalansuwa and Tantura. As for Arab calls for flight, these were reckoned to be significant in only 5% of cases[63][64][65], According to Morris's estimates, 250,000 to 300,000 Palestinians left Israel during this stage. [2][4], The files released included documents about "Operation Danube", the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in response to the Prague Spring. On 27 November, a two-hour general strike involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia was held. The multitude burst into the port, pushed aside the policemen, charged the boats and began to flee the town", as the official Haganah history later put it". Seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans. [14], In November 1988, the distribution of the Soviet monthly magazine Sputnik, was prohibited in East Germany because its new open political criticisms annoyed upper circles of the GDR leadership. The SovietAfghan War (19791989) was a nine-year guerrilla war fought by insurgent groups known collectively as the Mujahideen, as well as smaller Maoist groups, against the military occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union and their satellite state, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). [56][62], On the 28 October 1989, to try to calm the protests, an amnesty was issued for political prisoners being held for border crimes or for participation in the weekly demonstrations. Hashemite Iraq faced and confronted these sentiments as well. Truman responded that, as Vandenberg had suggested, his request would only be approved if he played up the threat. He said that order must be preserved, that socialism was the only alternative for Czechoslovakia, and criticised protest groups. [28] The Hashemite monarchy represented a reliable ally of the Western world in thwarting Soviet advances, so the coup compromised Washington's position in the Middle East. The majority of these groups agreed to a counteroffer of placing candidates from the Central Round Table in a non-party transitional government. The SovietAfghan War (19791989) was a nine-year guerrilla war fought by insurgent groups known collectively as the Mujahideen, as well as smaller Maoist groups, against the military occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union and their satellite state, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). [57], The protesters called for an open border with West Germany, genuine democracy, and greater human rights and environmental protections. French President Franois Mitterrand was concerned that the German government could give up its commitment to the European integration process and instead focus on its national interests and ambitions for power. The doctrine originated with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he Israeli forces, he stated, have occupied the area in Galilee formerly occupied by Kaukji's forces, and have crossed the Lebanese frontier. The publication of balanced/critical newspaper essays increased, the vast majority, along with balanced 1948 war veterans' memoirs, about a third. In practical terms, while France remained a NATO member and fully participated in the political instances of the Organization, it was no longer represented on certain committees like the Nuclear Planning Group and the Defence Planning Committee. At first Kohl refrained from pushing for reunification to avoid raising annoyance abroad. "[68], Flapan maintains that events in Nazareth, although ending differently, point to the existence of a definite pattern of expulsion. On 2122 April in Haifa, after the Haganah waged a day-and-a-half battle including psychological warfare, the Jewish National Committee was unable to offer the Palestinian council assurance that an unconditional surrender would proceed without incident. [18], The events of November 1989 confirmed that outside factors were significant catalysts for the downfall of Communism in Czechoslovakia. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. [16] Its trade with West Germany was 50 to 60 percent of its total trade with Western nations. Free elections held in June 1990 legitimised this government and set the stage for addressing the remnants of the Communist party's power and the legacy of the Communist period. To his "Ten Point Program for Overcoming the Division of Germany and Europe", Kohl made some additions and read it aloud in parliament on 28 November 1989. [10] The opposition was represented by Jn Budaj, Fedor Gl and Vladimr Ondru, while the Communists were represented by tefan Chudoba (director of Bratislava automotive company), Peter Weiss (secretary of the Institute of Marx-Leninism of the Communist party of Slovakia) and the director of Steelworks Kosice. According to Morris, "The Haganah mortar attacks of 2122 April [on Haifa] were primarily designed to break Arab morale in order to bring about a swift collapse of resistance and speedy surrender. Combined with the fear inspired by Deir Yassin, each of these military actions resulted in panicked Palestinian evacuations. In this situation, it was easy for people like Ben-Gurion to believe the capture of uninhabited territory was both necessary for security reasons and desirable for the homogeneity of the new Hebrew state.[57]. [9] Czechoslovak TV and Radio announced that they would join the general strike. [18]:75, Overall, Morris concludes that during this period the "Arab evacuees from the towns and villages left largely because of JewishHaganah, IZL or LHIattacks or fear of impending attack" but that only "an extremely small, almost insignificant number of the refugees during this early period left because of Haganah or IZL or LHI expulsion orders or forceful 'advice' to that effect. [39][40][38][41], About 100,000 East Germans then travelled to Hungary, hoping to also get across the border. King FaisalII, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed. [18] Al-Said recognised that Chamoun's defeat would leave Iraq and Jordan isolated. "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948". London: Caxton, for the Iraq Development Board, As in Kuwait for example: "The situation in Kuwait is very shaky as a result of the coup in Iraq, and there is a strong possibility that the revolutionary infection will spread there." Seoul is heavily investing in its defense capabilities.
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