Turning bread into stones: Our modern antimiracle. Torrey, E. F.The death of psychiatry. Seligman, M. E. Depression and learned helplessness. Stemming from their experience with a school of self-exploration called the Option Method, the therapy was based on constant, intensive one-to-one interactions with the child. Because the organism in the laboratorywhether human or animalis studied in isolation from the normal environmental conditions surrounding drug use and addiction, some of those who have conducted such research have questioned the validity of generalizing laboratory findings to human addiction in the field (Yanagita, 1970). . The basis of this addiction is that the individual substitutes the anxiety-reducing effects of the drug for the capacity to cope with anxiety and its sources (Gray, 1978). Hide transcripts. Pomerleau, too, has now shifted his attention to uncovering the physiological key to smoking (Pomerleau, 1980), despite the opposite stance he earlier took toward drinking and his success in dealing with smoking as a behavioral problem. In L. S. Goodman & A. Gilman (Eds. Morgan makes no attempt to ascertain whetheror howrunning addicts differ neurologically from nonaddicted runners or from nonrunnners. Essentially, the whole shebang can be boiled down to one thing that explains it all. Several criteria of scientific validity offer help in assessing opposing viewpoints in this area of human behavior. The promise of new analgesics that will be synthesized along the lines of endorphins, but that will not be addictive because they derive from chemical compounds which occur naturally, in the body (cf. Electroshock treatment follows approximately the same kind of thinking. 31-36. Urbana: University of Illinois. This week's term is reductionism. At various times such chemicals as the narcotics, cocaine, Benzedrine, hormones, radioactive substances, and, most recently, LSD and tranquilizers have been endorsed as therapeutic agents. 28-32. . by Faye Carlisle's Psychology Videos. For example, explanations of psychological disorders are often biologically reductionist, as genes and neurochemical imbalances are offered as the main cause. In H. Shaffer M. E. Burglass (Eds. . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); REDUCTIONISM: "Reductionism strives to prove that psychological processes are simply a product of biological functions. There have been eras before the present one when reductionist ideas held sway. Alexander, B. K., Hadaway, P. F., & Coambs, R. B. Rat Park chronicle. As Garmezy (1975) stated his vision, We stand on the threshold of advances in the biological sciences so relevant to psychopathology that one can look forward in the decades ahead to an ultimate resolution of the major psychotic disorders that have plagued mankind for centuries (p. 4). 74-82. 6 Reductionism and the nature of psychology H. PUTNAM Harvard University 1. Pomerleaus summary of the evidence on the disease concept stands as among the strongest and most reasonable refutations of that idea (Pomerleau, Pertschuk, & Stinnett, 1976). In R. J. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds. There is no right or wrong answer, but both approaches have different assumptions, and psychologists, researchers and students need to be aware of . What is lost from both Morgans and Cummingss significant psychological insights is the opportunity to make necessary contributions to addiction theorizing. Specific, when reductionism is applied to psychology or the neurosciences, this risk is relatively high.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'yestherapyhelps_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yestherapyhelps_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The result of this drawback is that, many times, reductionism is resorted to due to technical and methodological limitations and when interpreting the data obtained through this research, it "forgets" that the decision to isolate a problem in its relatively simple parts was a philosophical action, and not objective or scientific. Since the turn of the century, American pharmacology has sought drugs that can relieve pain (along with anxiety and tension) without being addictive (cf. Tennov, 1976; Torrey, 1974; Psychiatry on the Couch, 1979). Whether or not a doctor or therapist employs this justification, certainly many treat with drugs cases of depression that would seem to be described by these two social-psychological models. For example, addicts have often been identified as having personality syndromes involving passivity, a negative outlook on life, and a readiness to form dependent relationships other than those connected with drugs (Chein, Gerard, Lee, & Rosenfeld, 1964). This means that any drug which is effective for analgesic or related purposes will by definition be addictive, since it is this very experience the person seeks in an addiction (Peele, 1978). The topic of drug addiction is good ground for making such comparisons, since the fact that addiction obviously engages both chemical and human inputs has made it the object of both pharmacological and psychological scrutiny. Today one of the most damning criticisms against a particular psychological analysis is that it blames the victim.. We will not be held in political chains in 1984, however. In fact, the most abstract definitions of this characteristic already hint at why it is difficult to limit it to a definition: it is the ability to adapt quickly and efficiently to new problems. The eventual goal from the reductionist perspective is to find neurological correlates for individual actions, perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and memories-as well as for entire behavior syndromes such as addiction and schizophrenia. Similar stimulation could be artificially provided for the human addict in a deprived environment or for the individual who is incapable of creating rewarding involvements with people or work. When she found the relationship to have been largely imaginary, she suffered a severe depression. (p. 7). Greenfeld, J. Could these personality traits in the addict also be accounted for by a deficiency in endorphinsor by some other biological means? Moreover, psychologists appear so eager to accept neurological and biochemical explanations for behavior that psychology is in danger of losing its status as an independent body of knowledge. Related Practice. reductionism, in philosophy, a view that asserts that entities of a given kind are identical to, or are collections or combinations of, entities of another (often simpler or more basic) kind or that expressions denoting such entities are definable in terms of expressions denoting other entities. Shaffer, H., & Burglass, M. E. Reflections and perspectives on the history and future of the addictions. Whether or not patients participate in psychodynamic therapy as well, undoubtedly some of those treated with drugs are not able to change the cyclic and unsatisfying nature of their intimate relationships. Eddy, N. B., & May, E. L The search for a better analgesic. In L. Berkowitz (Ed. The Greenfeld account holds out the hope that biology will succeed where psychology has failed. Articles are written not only by science reporters but by scientific professionalsoften those conducting the research themselvesthat create the impression for most educated Americans that the study of human behavior is being revolutionized. The term is primarily utilized in positions which make an effort to have an understanding of human heritage, civilization, or mental processes with regard to animal behavior patterns or physical principles. Bromberg, W.From shaman to psychotherapist. As "new problems" is a necessarily open concept (you can not know in advance what is a new problem for someone), intelligence can only be understood as a complex phenomenon and whose back room is constantly changing, as are all our conscious and unconscious mental activities all the time. Is this more concise and understandable than a conception that rats find narcosis not to be desirable when it interferes with successful intraspecies competition and with the appeal of a diverse and welcome environment? The levels-of-analysis question is an important one for treatment. The two models most often used to account for the more common appearance of depression in women are social psychological in that both relate social factors to the observed sex-linked psychological differences. Yet the density of articles like those listed above in a one-year period conveys a sense of imminence and potency in the brain revolution. Not infrequently, the most speculative hypotheses about brain-behavior relationships find their way into the newspapers pages. Download preview PDF. By making this adjustment in thinking, it becomes possible to propose that under stressful circumstances the organism requires a higher endorphin level and will thus be susceptible to narcotic addiction as an artificial way of attaining this level. Zinberg, N. The search for rational approaches to heroin use. This explanation sounds very natural and convincing , with which it can be taken as an objective fact alien to philosophy, but in reality it is far from explaining the neurobiological basis of intelligence. - 5.196.112.150. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries this outlook has taken the form of faddish treatments for mental disorders. William Morgan is a preeminent sports psychologist who introduced the idea that running can create a negative addiction. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1976. Reductionism is the point of view that human behavior can successfully be resolved into its biological components, components that may then in turn be described as chemical and electrical events. Science, 1973,181, 407-414. Examples come from the writings of two applied psychologists whose thinking has been influential in their fields and who resort to reductionist models that their work actually seems to run counter to rather than to support. Gestalt Psychology, thus, was the first psychology school that mentioned the debate between holism and reductionism. While it is hard to believe currently that anyone would seriously suggest such alternatives, they seem to be legitimate derivations of the analysis which says that reality occurs at the biochemical and neurological level. Both of these models emphasize that it is the sex role allocated to women in our society which leads them to be susceptible to depression. 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