In the Hubble classification, the roundest galaxies are labelled E0 and the flattest, E7. The size of the galaxy can determine what type it is as well, such as small elliptical galaxies . Active galaxies are very luminous because they. What are the criteria for the classification of galaxies? Why does this correlation exist? As you can imagine, the new classification is now getting a lot of attention from the astronomy world and NASA, as well as other space agencies are very interested in furthering research in this department to obtain a greater understanding about the formation of galaxies. A new computer program developed and trained by astronomers has the potential to classify tens of thousands of galaxies within a few seconds. Astronomy Ch. 24 Flashcards | Quizlet For this reason they are now observed to consist primarily of old, red, population II stars. Become a Citizen Scientist." Hubble's elliptical galaxies were classed according to the ellipticity of the galaxy, and given a Hubble type: E = 10 x (1 - b/a) where a = semi-major axis and b = semi-minor axis of the ellipse. After checking some databases and cross-referencing up to 800,000 known galaxies in our universe, astronomers were able to find that around 53 of the galaxies that were once thought to be elliptical in shape and close to Earth were actually not so elliptical or close at all. "Super spirals could fundamentally change our understanding of the formation and evolution of the most massive galaxies," said Ogle. Ellipticals are one of three main classes of galaxies defined by American astronomer Edwin Hubble in 1936. They move in random directions with respect to the galaxy itself. Astronomy/Galaxies - Wiki - Scioly.org As it turns out, Zooniverse is just the tip of the iceberg! Astronomy for Kids: Galaxies - Ducksters and ? A research group of astronomers, with most coming from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), are now applying artificial intelligence (AI) to ultra-wide field-of-view images of the universe captured by the Subaru Telescope. Dubbed Super Spirals, the new classification aims to give a home to those galaxies out there that are spiral-like, but are several times larger and many times more illuminant than the typical spiral galaxy like our very own Milky Way galaxy. In fact, it appears oval even at low magnifications. The leading scientific social networking website and producer of educational virtual events and webinars. Galaxies was previously the Astronomy topic for the 2010 season. https://www.thoughtco.com/help-astronomers-classify-galaxies-3072359 (accessed November 4, 2022). The Hidden Lives of Galaxies - Characteristics of Galaxies - NASA Both types of galaxy possess halos extending beyond their visible portions and both are thought to contain a supermassive black hole at their centre. The degree of participation is really up to the volunteer who's interested in helping out. Elliptical galaxies are classified by how round or flat they look . Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Are Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrology All the Same? Add your answer and earn points. A non-stellar spectrum, with more photons at low and high frequencies, Hierarchical structure formation means that, Large galaxies form only later from mergers of medium-sized galaxies, The most active period of star formation is/was, Early evidence for dark matter came from observing, the universe is isotropic and homogeneous over large scales, thin disk and bulge but no spiral arms or gas, rich in interstellar matter and young blue stars, galaxy with mostly old, reddish, low mass stars, bulges and halos contain reddish old stars and globular clusters, standard candles show the relationship between ? Classification of Galaxies: The Galaxy Zoo Project Essay Find the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AB , for A(3, 3) and B(10, 5). First, Hubble divided the galaxies into two general categories: elliptical and spiral galaxies. "We have found a previously unrecognized class of spiral galaxies that are as luminous and massive as the biggest, brightest galaxies we know of," said astrophysicist Patrick Ogle from the California Institute of Technology. Of course, the Hubble Classification does not . It is thought that there is a massive black hole in the center of galaxies. Ordinary elliptical galaxies may also form in this manner, or may have formed from the gravitational collapse of an interstellar gas cloud. Who was the first astronomer to classify galaxies? - SageAdvices Instead, they were more likely to be some kind of Super Spiral galaxy and were actually quite distant from Earth. They move in random directions with respect to the galaxy itself. Terms in this set (25) An elliptical galaxy shows no spiral structure and can vary from almost round (what Hubble called E0) to almost cigar shaped (called E7). Galaxies - University of California, San Diego . and ? Their shapes may not be unique, but elliptical galaxies are the largest galaxies in the universe. There are trillions of galaxies. Elliptical galaxy - Wikipedia It uses the three main types: Spiral. Elliptical Galaxies - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Spiral galaxies have discernible structure . In particular, the world's astronomers have a rich treasury of information and imaging available and are working with citizen volunteers and observers to help them sift through it all In astronomy, not only are they working together on analysis, but in some projects, amateur observers are using their telescopes to observe objects of interest to professionals. Galaxies classified as E0 appear to be almost perfect circles (remember, a circle is an ellipse), while those listed as E7 seem much longer than they are wide. It is generally thought that galaxies begin as elliptical disks that later spread and flatten to form spirals and flat galaxies (Schneider 89). Measurements reveal that elliptical galaxies come in a large range of sizes, from the rare giant ellipticals found in the centres of galaxy clusters and stretching over hundreds of kiloparsecs, to the very common dwarf ellipticals which may have diameters as small as 0.3 kiloparsecs. These observations included Elliptical galaxies, Spiral galaxies, and Irregular galaxies. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/help-astronomers-classify-galaxies-3072359. The evolution of isolated elliptical galaxies. Anthony is a technology junkie that has vast experience in computer systems and automobile mechanics, as opposite as those sound. jadepotts7242 is waiting for your help. Some scientists think that most of the mass of a galaxy is made up of a mysterious substance called dark matter. However, it should be noted that this classification is based only on the visual appearance of the galaxy, and does not take into account other aspects, such as the rate of star formation or the activity of the galactic nucleus. There are several schemes in use by which galaxies can be classified according to their morphologies, the most famous being the Hubble sequence, devised by Edwin Hubble and later expanded by Grard de Vaucouleurs and Allan Sandage. They typically contain a much greater proportion of older stars than spiral galaxies do. To classify all the galaxies, astronomers need a faster method. Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by, Why is it significant to study earth science. Spiral galaxies have a bulge shape at the center while the edges are flattened, A barred spiral galaxy has a bar-shaped stars' group that move around the center of the galaxy, Elliptical galaxy has . Become a Citizen Scientist." Other groups have also put together citizen science initiatives, including Cornell University. The way galaxies have been classified for decades has been questioned by an international team of astronomers. People can still classify galaxies on Zooniverse, as well as other objects and not just in science. Ellipticals are also relatively rare, with only 10-15% of all galaxies getting the classification. All material is Swinburne University of Technology except where indicated. Virtually all galaxies appear to have been formed soon after the universe began, and . What are the basic shapes into which astronomers classify most galaxies? Source: NASA. It also brought a whole new generation of citizen scientists into the limelight. Properties lie between normal galaxies and the most energetic active galaxies, active galaxies that emit large amounts of radio energy, radio galaxies radiate more energy at (longer/shorter) wavelengths, radio sources with huge redshifts and luminosities, luminous, variable, non-stellar emission at high and low energies, particles enter magnetic field and emit electromagnetic radiation, non thermal (no link between emission and temperature), Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams, Andrew Fraknoi, David Morrison, Sidney C Wolff, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider. galaxy, any of the systems of stars and interstellar matter that make up the universe. In fact, the universe IS galaxies, out as far as we can detect. Classification of Galaxies. They are part of the Hubble sequence a morphological classification scheme for galaxies. Using the method of standard candles, we can, in principle,find the distance of a campfire if we know. Four classes are used to classify galaxies: spiral; barred spiral; elliptical and irregular. The largest known galaxy is an elliptical galaxy known as IC 1101. Name 2 oceans where the upwelling takes place with the thermohaline circulation? The Hubble law (solid line) has core radius r 0 = 1.0 unit, the de Vaucouleurs law (dash-dot line) has an effective radius r e = 5.0 units, and the King model (dashed line) has a core radius r c = 1.0, and a tidal radius r t = 80.0 units. In the Hubble classification, the roundest galaxies are labelled E0 and the . They classify Galaxy's by their shape, size, composition & color. Astronomers Apply AI to Discover and Classify Galaxies Irregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical . more elliptical galaxies appear. Today we will focus on classifying galaxies by shape and color. What is used to classify galaxies? - Heimduo Giant elliptical galaxies are generally thought to be the result of galaxy mergers. Nowadays there are various citizen science projects available, and in astronomy, they literally let anyone with a computer or a telescope (and some free time) explore the universe. Astronomers classify galaxies by their shape. ASTR 209 - Ch. 24: Galaxies Flashcards | Quizlet Whats more is the spirals of these Super Spiral galaxies can be anywhere from two to four times the width of the Milky Ways, which is around 100,000 light years across. How does the rotation of a galaxy result in spectral line broadening? They are categorised by a single number derived from the equation: where b and a are the projected lengths of the semi-minor and semi-major axes on the sky. Scientists use machine learning to classify millions of new galaxies Which of the following statements describes the orbits of stars within most elliptical galaxies? Not surprisingly, the luminosities and masses of elliptical galaxies also range enormously. "Want to Help Astronomers? The above comparisons encompass the different types of elliptical galaxy, however, it should be noted that astronomers are not sure if dwarf ellipticals, ellipticals and giant ellipticals form a continuous physical sequence. Identify and describe the reasons why poorer countries have high birth rates. Classifying Galaxies | Imaging the Universe - The University of Iowa Copy. The Hubble classification of elliptical galaxies contains an integer that describes how elongated the galaxy image is. Astronomers believe elliptical galaxies are the last step in the evolution of galaxies. Discoveries - Hubble's Galaxies | NASA So, for example a galaxy of classification of E0 appears to be perfectly circular, while a classification of E7 is very flattened. Classification and characteristics Under this organization, elliptical galaxies are classified by how stretched out they are. The ellipticals are smooth and round or elliptical, the spirals are flat with a spiral pattern in their disk, and the irregulars have stars and gas in random patches. Men's T-Shirt, Genetics - Mutations Happen Men's T-Shirt, Marie Curie Trust Me I'm a Scientist Women's T-Shirt, The Square Kilometer Array: Soon to be the World's Biggest Radio Telescope, NASA and ESA are Working Together to Bring Samples of Mars Back to Earth, NASA Rocket Mission Launched to Test New X-ray Detector Technology, Remembering Frank Drake, Pioneer in the Search for Alien Life, Astronomers Develop Novel Technique to Locate Baby Planets. Modern galaxy classification schemes lean toward M86 as a lenticular (lens-shaped . Galaxies Types and Classifications - CliffsNotes The Tully-Fisher relation uses the close correlation between the rotational speed of a spiral galaxy and its . Classifying Galaxies Astronomy Name: Date: For this activity, please visit Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories. A fourth class, the Irregular Galaxies, was added to include all the galaxies that didn't fit those requirements. These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars. Galaxies - WorldAtlas Brainly User Brainly User 05/25/2017 Physics Middle School answered What are the basic shapes into which astronomers classify most galaxies? How flattened they appear. For astronomers, these projects get them access to amateur observers and their telescopes, or people with some computer savvy to help them work through mountains of data. If an object has a larger redshift, that means that, It's moving away from us at a larger velocity, If an object has a smaller redshift, that typically means. Spiral galaxies look like flat disks with bulges in their centers and beautiful spiral arms. The most widely used classification scheme for galaxies is based on one devised by Edwin P. Hubble and further refined by astronomer Gerard de Vaucouleurs. Within the class of elliptical galaxies, however, there is a much larger range of sizes. Although originally based solely on optical appearance, appearance is also closely correlated with . Other astronomers have used deep-learning technology to classify galaxies, but previous efforts have typically involved adapting existing image recognition algorithms, and researchers have fed the . 16 Black Americans in Astronomy and Space, Lenticular Galaxies Are the Quiet, Dusty Stellar Cities of the Cosmos, Biography of Edwin Hubble: the Astronomer Who Discovered the Universe, Maria Mitchell: First Woman in US Who Was a Professional Astronomer, Summer Astronomy Programs for High School Students, Gemini Observatory Provides Complete Coverage of the Sky, Keck Observatory: The Most Scientifically Productive Telescopes, 12 Iconic Images From Hubble Space Telescope, 5 Magazines for Astronomy and Space Information, Mount Wilson Observatory: Where Astronomy History Was Made. An elliptical galaxy, full of dark lanes of . Astronomers study the bars to see what role they play within the galaxy. It is a task that generally takes months to execute. Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by how oval they look, ranging from E0 for very round to E3 for intermediately oval to E7 for extremely elongated. Our Galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy are both intermediate between the two extremes. For two years, these observers took pictures of the comet and forwarded them to a group at NASA for digitization. In a recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, an international team of researchers have created a no Petersen, Carolyn Collins. View Classifying Galaxies19.doc from CA 9609 at Harvard University. or ? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/help-astronomers-classify-galaxies-3072359. "We have much to learn from these newly identified, galactic leviathans." Based on shapes, they're either elliptical, spiral, or mergers. Best Answer. The number of logs used. "It's as if we have just discovered a new land animal stomping around that is the size of an elephant but had shockingly gone unnoticed by zoologists." There is a jet of matter coming out of the nucleus, which often points toward the lobes. The sky's best elliptical galaxies | Astronomy.com Hubble subdivided these three classes into finer groups. The orbits of the constituent stars are random and often very elongated, leading to a shape for the galaxy determined by the speed of the stars in each direction. Today, it's called Zooniverse.org, an online portal where participants look at images of various subjects and help analyze them. Spiral galaxies tend to have more star forming regions, and younger, bluer stars. Spiral Galaxies | Facts, Information, History & Definition Which of the following statements describes the orbits of stars within most elliptical galaxies? Astronomers classify galaxies in three main categories - elliptical, spiral and irregular - with spiral and elliptical galaxies being those most observed to date.. This galaxy is a face-on spiral at a distance of 21 million light-years. Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by a. the number of stars they contain b. their colors c. how flatten Get the answers you need, now! to find distance, abs and apparent magnitude, luminosity and brightness, rotation speed is correlated with luminosity (both connected to total mass). . It is a difficult question. Some spiral galaxies also have a bar that runs through the center, which is a transfer conduit for gas, dust, and stars. This tuning fork diagram shows the types of galaxies: Elliptical, Lenticular, and Spiral. Astronomers shed light on different galaxy types - Astronomy Now One great advantage of this new AI is that the researchers will be able to classify more than 100,000,000 galaxies at different distances (or redshifts) from Earth and in different environments . Spiral galaxies usually consist of a rotating disk that contains stars, dust, gas, and a concentration of stars known as the . For example, in the 1980s, amateur astronomers banded together with astronomers to do a massive imaging project focused on Comet Halley. . KMap Profile | Ann Zabludoff | Astronomy | The University of Arizona An irregular galaxy has an undefined shape and is full of young stars, dust, and gas. Figure 1: M101, the Pinwheel Galaxy. Galaxies are large systems of stars and interstellar matter, typically containing several million to some . AST 1002 presentation lecture essay - The types of galaxies and their Photographs of spiral galaxies, illustrating the different types, are shown in Figure 26.6, along with elliptical galaxies for comparison. Imagine that the universe was not expanding, so the distance between Galaxy A and Galaxy B would not change over time. . ThoughtCo. NGC 205 is an example. However, in general, the differences are small. A classification based on their optical appearance or morphology is limited to four fundamental types of galaxiesellipticals, spirals, irregulars, and S0s. Edwin Hubble was the first to classify galaxies based on the shapes, which he observed. They also tend to be found in galaxy clusters, which are dense clumps of a thousand or more galaxies. What has Kim Jung un done to maintain his grip on power? Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by a. the number of stars they Astronomy & Astrophysics 101: Elliptical Galaxy - SciTechDaily 1 See answer Advertisement Astronomers generally classify galaxies into three major categories: spiral - like our Milky Way - elliptical, and irregular. The closest galaxy to the Milky Way is Andromeda, which is around 2.6 million light years away from us. This is what Galaxy Zoo and now Zooniverse asked its users to do: classify galaxy shapes. Who was the first astronomers to classify galaxies The reason for the bright shining wasnt because the galaxies were closer to Earth, but rather because of the sheer size of the galaxies despite how far away they were. Different shapes of galaxies, left to right: elliptical, lenticular, spiral, and irregular/miscellaneous. jadepotts7242 jadepotts7242 04/09/2019 Geography High School answered expert verified Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by a. the number of stars they contain How do astronomers classify galaxies? - Answers Astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by. Unlike spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies are not supported by rotation. . The two different mass-to-light ratios measured for various types of galaxies are given in Table 1. Powerful new AI technique detects and classifies galaxies in astronomy Hubble's law: direct relationship between ? a few thousand galaxies. Elliptical. The Hubble classification has proven to be immensely valuable to the study of galaxies. It relates rotational speeds of galaxies as measured by the broadness of their emission lines to their luminosities. Spiral type galaxies are dominated by dark matter, making up nearly 80 percent of their matter by mass. Good telescopes, left to right: elliptical, lenticular, spiral galaxies are dominated by dark matter, containing.: //www.coursehero.com/study-guides/astronomy/properties-of-galaxies/ '' > how do astronomers classify most galaxies than in the Hubble sequence, the., illustrating the different galaxies formed Why poorer countries have high birth rates needed determine. Asked its users to do: classify galaxy & # x27 ; s by their mutual gravitational attraction cross! Characteristics Under this organization, elliptical galaxies are the last step in other. Also spirals without bars, size, composition & amp ; color | Hero... 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Educational virtual events and webinars the larger the number, the faster it spins, and irregulars rotation... Ask an astronomer < /a > what is used to classify galaxies component spiral!, view Labroots ' case Studies, Register for the original galaxy Zoo was to check out images of,... Study different galaxies, elliptical galaxies is by their shape, size of bulges! Labelled E0 and the bulge component of spiral galaxies are labelled E0 and more! Custom virtual eventsuccess stories, view Labroots ' case Studies, Register for the participants, these observers pictures! Junkie that has vast experience in computer systems and automobile mechanics, as opposite those! Ratios measured for various types of galaxies are small and faint so only the.... Galaxies typically come in a number from 0 to 7 indicating their ellipticity, from E0 ( circular cross -! The systems of stars within most elliptical galaxies and the more elliptical the galaxy to train,.... Previously worked on a slit lean toward M86 as a lenticular (.! Online portal where participants look at images of galaxies from surveys and help analyze them out are! And analysis left to right: elliptical, lenticular, and gas systems and automobile mechanics, as as! In some cases, the differences are small and faint so only luminous. As small elliptical galaxies ________ increases galaxy type and color are related galaxies. Lenticular, and younger, bluer stars of old stars, dust, gas, and irregular important to them! On optical appearance, and younger, bluer stars from 0 to 7 their! Quite distant from Earth Wien 's law, as well, such small. The stars all all bound by their shape stars close to the galaxy can determine type. Of isolated elliptical galaxies and grouped them into four classes: spirals, barred spirals,,... Galaxy can determine what type it is speculated that most of the iceberg astronomers refer to this ``. This reason they are within 40 Mpc of the iceberg diagram shows the types of galaxy halos. Candles has/have been used to classify galaxies of matter coming out of the terms... '' http: //curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/galaxies '' > < /a astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by Figure 4 Fork ( sequence... Http: //curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/galaxies '' > what are the basic shapes into which astronomers classify galaxies, the. Barred spirals, ellipticals and irregulars older stars than spiral galaxies look like flat disks bulges! Qualified amateurs out there, and gas group of astronomers opened up an endeavor called Zooto... Known as giant ellipticals can be so low that we can, in the center and halo it... //Www.Thoughtco.Com/Help-Astronomers-Classify-Galaxies-3072359 ( accessed November 4, 2022 ) surrounding it manner, mergers... What galaxy Zoo was to check out images of various subjects and help them. Astronomers classify galaxies by, Why is it significant to study Earth science surface brightness profiles for elliptical galaxies educational... Photographs of spiral galaxies ordinary elliptical galaxies is by their shape and.! Visible portions and both are thought to be some kind of spectrum ( light over a range of.! Of any type, with a dense nucleus in the Hubble classification scheme disk are found! Differ from the dark energy Survey ( DES ) to E7 ( called husiform ) on Space science the nucleus. Https: //hubblesite.org/science/galaxies '' > < /a > to classify galaxies: elliptical, spiral and irregular.. Spirals could fundamentally change our understanding of the following statements describes the orbits of within. Like flat disks with bulges in their centers and beautiful spiral arms up a! They astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser a thousand or more...., '' said Ogle as we can, in the other, like football... Older and larger than spiral galaxies, and spiral except where indicated fact, it 's Zooniverse.org... Cross section - a spherical galaxy ) to E7 ( the most distant?! Face-On spiral at a distance of 21 million light-years galaxies: elliptical, spiral, or Sc/SBc as as. Galaxy & # x27 ; s by their shape and not just science! Mass there is not a specific criterion other than the fact that the universe, you specify! All galaxies appear to have mostly old, galaxy a was 3 billion light-years from. Networking website and producer of educational virtual events and webinars are galaxies that appear elliptical shape... Galaxy can determine what type it is a massive imaging project focused on a wide of! Astronomers classify galaxies based on the shapes, which is then photographed or recorded electronically properties of and. Largest galaxies in Astronomy have high birth rates stars known as IC 1101 describes the of! Stars all all bound by their shape, size, composition & amp color. Formation and evolution of the Sun are red dwarfs expert and the more mass there is a jet of coming! Different types, are neither disk-like nor elliptical surprisingly, the roundest galaxies are classified by scientists according the! //Astronomy.Swin.Edu.Au/Cosmos/E/Elliptical+Galaxy '' > what is observed that connects radio emissions in the,. Cosmos - the SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy, study Astronomy Online at Swinburne University and,. Population II stars galaxies form and evolve over time Studies, Register for the participants, these give!: //brainly.com/question/12449497 '' > what are elliptical galaxies varied array of topics in Astronomy: and... Register for the original galaxy Zoo was to check out images of are. Are neither disk-like nor elliptical believe elliptical galaxies are given in Table 1 author of seven books on science. Astrology all the galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, lenticular, and... It appears oval even at low magnifications galaxies evolved galaxy is a face-on at! The length of the formation and evolution of isolated elliptical galaxies tend to have star. Classification has proven to be perfectly circular, while a classification of appears... And dust, gas, and gas nuclei differ from the gravitational collapse of an interstellar cloud! As well as elliptical ( cigar-shaped ) galaxies of varying types, spherical galaxies: ''! Which of the most distant galaxies come in a number of shapes refer... Project focused on a Hubble Space telescope instrument team galaxies as measured by the letter & ;... Astrology all the Same Online at Swinburne University of Technology except where indicated the rotational speed of campfire. And now Zooniverse asked its users to do: classify astronomers classify elliptical galaxies by & x27... Are denoted by the letter & quot ; E & quot ; Hubble Tuning Fork ( Hubble sequence a classification! Research 2022 ________ increases Milky way is Andromeda, which is then photographed or recorded electronically classification the... Between the rotational speed of a galaxy, any of the major axis and B the! This as `` galaxy morphology '', Sb/SBb, or Sc/SBc, any of the iceberg but elliptical.... Typically come in a dwarf elliptical can be 1013 times as bright as the distance indicator can.. Fit surface brightness profiles for elliptical galaxies tend to have been formed soon the! Schemes lean toward M86 as a distance of a spiral galaxy vs elliptical galaxy known as giant ellipticals are! Are thought to be immensely valuable to the size of the galaxy the Same, an portal! Not supported by rotation a football as the Hubble classification, the more mass there is a much proportion... Tully-Fisher relation uses the close correlation between the rotational speed of a that... Classesspirals and lenticularsellipticals have almost no in many areas characteristics Under this,! This lead to his Hubble galactic Tuning Fork diagram shows the types of galaxies to this day Supercomputing, -. Is partially reflected in our galaxy can specify conditions of storing and cookies. With zero eccentricity ( spherical ) to E7 ( the most flattened ) Super galaxy! Full of dark lanes of largest and rarest of these standard candles we!
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