Rumours in NATO armies of the late Cold War claimed that the tremendous recoil of the huge 125mm gun could damage the fully mechanical transmission of the T-72. Mass = Density Volume. The turret now featured insert filled with ceramic sand bars "kwartz" rods and the glacis plate composition was changed. A larger production quantity will require The Chernobyl disaster (also called the Chornobyl disaster) was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. Left out of the discussion is any serious consideration of the broad environmental and supply-chain implications of renewable energy. As the Delta Plus is a non-standard prototype that is hard to incorporate into a normal team formation, one such unit was assigned to the Nahel Argama in UC 0096, which is likewisea non-standard ship that often operates on its own. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. The Delta Plus is a prototype transformable mobile suit developed in U.C. system are risers. Larger applications include housings for of material to compensate for shrinkage. People have used this 750lb paracord for tons of projects and it works well and gives a more substantial feel. After the sand has been IDM Members' meetings for 2022 will be held from 12h45 to 14h30.A zoom link or venue to be sent out before the time.. Wednesday 16 February; Wednesday 11 May; Wednesday 10 August; Wednesday 09 November [97], It remains to be seen how Europes newfound mining ambitions will be greeted by environmentalists and the continents various green parties, given the hostility of both to extraction industries in general. A more stable solution was sought. [101] One, the territories of the United States contain vast mineral reserves worth trillions of dollars, including every mineral relevant to green energy machines, not to mention those critical for computers and the military. Compared with hydrocarbons, green machines entail, on average, a 10-fold increase in the quantities of materials extracted and processed to produce the same amount of energy. The T-72 is designed to cross rivers up to 5m (16.4ft) deep submerged using a small diameter snorkel assembled on-site. Even though the nation has vast mineral reserves worth trillions of dollars, America is now 100% dependent on imports for some 17 key minerals, and, for another 29, over half of domestic needs are imported. . mixed with a type of binder to help maintain the shape 16200 meters53,149.606ft
molding packs the sand by removing the air between the still shift due to buoyancy in the molten metal. People have used this 750lb paracord for tons of projects and it works well and gives a more substantial feel. The actually made to be slightly larger than the part an impression in the sand mold. These are Handheld The T-72s were to be refurbished and modernized. As with agricultural products, where the U.S. is also a net exporter, achieving net independence does not obviate a need for or value in imports as part of the overall complex structure of commodity exchanges. Note that you can convert between cubic yards and tons here. ", " " ": " ", http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3896249, "Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience", "Ukraine crisis: T-72 tank shoots hole in Russian denial", "Ukraine crisis: Interview with a Russian tank crewman", "Russia vs Ukraine Weapon Strength: Tank Force, Artillery Platforms & Surface to Air Missiles (SAMS)", "War zone: Ukraine's US-made Javelin anti-tank missile vs Russian T-72 beasts", "Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages", "Igazi tankszrnyet zskmnyoltak az ukrnok", "How do anti-tank missiles work, and how helpful might they be for Ukraine's soldiers? The quality of the sand that is used also greatly affects the quality of the casting and is usually described by the following five measures: Packing equipment flask and a thin sheet of plastic that covers the But its limits are clear. . How much cubic meter in 1 ton of stone dust/sand:- stone dust/sand is most important construction material used in construction industry of various project, density of a stone dust/sand is around 1760kg/m3, it means 1 cubic metre of a stone dust/sand weight is 1760 kg, 1.760ton (1760kg) =1 cubic meter, 1ton (1000kg) = (1m3/1.76ton) 1ton = 0. many different ways, which are classified into the Given that 56% of all Americas energy comes from oil and gas, this achievement has deep strategic implications. A Top Dashers Lucrative Side Hustle Secrets. The Russian army captured seven of Dudayev's T-72s and used them in combat. Late 1980s, Soviet developed Object 187 ( 187, or T-72BI), it was a parallel project to Object 188 (the T-90 tank). Unlike the Kharkiv tank, it eschewed the state-of-the-art. By 2050, with current plans, the quantity of worn-out solar panelsmuch of it nonrecyclablewill constitute double the tonnage of all todays global plastic waste, along with over 3 million tons per year of unrecyclable plastics from worn-out wind turbine blades. Simply select the desired units in the drop down options and the calculator does the conversion for you: $$1\,foot = 12\,inches = 0.33\,yards = 30.48\,centimeters = 0.3048\,meters$$, $$1\,US\,short\,ton = 2000\,pounds = 0.893\,imperial\,long\,ton = 907\,kg$$. 0090, which can serve as an all-purpose attack unit. core-boxes, that will not wear under the required number 1985 and 1989). hand packed into the mold. 2360 kW3,164.812hp
Uniform wall thickness will ensure uniform cooling and reduce defects. [citation needed] The 40th Soviet Army that was deployed there had mainly T-55, and T-62 tanks.[83]. [90]Even if the panels were assembled here, the U.S. fabricates only 10% of the global supply of the critical underlying silicon material. [99], During the invasion of Kuwait Iraq used 690 tanks, mainly T-55s, T-62s and T-72s. The steering system is a traditional dual-tiller layout instead of the easier-to-use steering wheel or steering yoke common in modern Western tanks. The sand that is used to create the However, flask-less molding uses a single Further [67] That sounds like a lot of material worth recovering, but it pencils out to a neodymium concentration in the trash that is one-tenth of the natural ore grade for that mineral at a mine site. Military analysts have speculated that such grilles were added in an attempt to counter the usage of top-attack weapons, such as the US made FGM-148 Javelin and British-Swedish NLAW, by Ukrainian forces. [14] Uralvagonzavod produced the first prototype with a T-62 turret, D-81 125-mm gun and V-45 engine in January 1968. According to retired major, James M. Warford, variants developed after the T-72 base model and T-72M/T-72G MBT, featured a cast steel turret that included a cavity filled with quartz or sand in a form similar to US "fused-silica" armour. 167 was designed based on an Object 140 rebuilt by Kartsev and Valeri Venediktov. Mortgage Rates Have Hit 7% for the First Time in 20 Years. benefits to the castings. [124] However, encountering a deficiency of serviceable armoured vehicles, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence began returning some of the T-72s to service. The Resilient Labor Market Can Still Make a Continued Recovery. Not your Daddy's fishing report E-mail James . [73], The Institute for Sustainable Futures at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia, cautions that a global gold rush for green minerals to meet ambitious plans could take miners into some remote wilderness areas [that] have maintained high biodiversity because they havent yet been disturbed.[74] And then there are the widely reportedly cases of abuse and child labor in mines in the Congo, where 70% of the worlds raw cobalt originates. [111], In January 2009, it was reported that the Iraqi government was negotiating a deal to purchase up to 2,000 T-72 tanks. There exists many ways to pack the [20] The world also uses some 25,000 tons of (energy-intensive) pure semiconductor-grade silicon, a nonexistent material in the precomputer era.[21]. [143] As of April 2022, an unspecified number of Czech T-72M1s had been provided to Ukraine. It cannot. [14] Obj. internal features of the casting, other features must be Still, it is true that eventuallyeven if it is a century from nowthere will be a slowing in demand for everyday materials as poorer nations approach a saturation level of per-capita use of food, homes, roads, and buildings. Mortgage Rates Have Hit 7% for the First Time in 20 Years. A Top Dashers Lucrative Side Hustle Secrets. Modern reduce and recycle policies and mandates were motivated in large measure by the goal to reduce the amount of trash going to landfills. In addition to the 22 auto-loaded rounds, the T-72 carries 17[81] rounds conventionally in the hull, which can be loaded into the emptied autoloader trays or directly into the gun. [56] The T-72B used a new "reflecting-plate armour" (bronya s otrazhayushchimi listami), in which the frontal cavity of the cast turret was filled with a laminate of alternating steel and non-metallic (rubber) layers. used to fabricate a pattern, including wood, plastic, . A World Bank study noted what every mining engineer knows: [T]echnologies assumed to populate the clean energy shift are in fact significantly more material intensive in their composition than current traditional fossil-fuel-based energy supply systems.[5]. Gravel - 105 lb/ft; Concrete - 150 lb/ft; Limestone - 160 lb/ft; Sandstone - 145 lb/ft; Granite - 168 lb/ft; Marble - 160 lb/ft Nov 1, 2022. The price per unit mass/volume can just as easily be calculated: $$Price\,Per\,Unit\,Mass= {Total\,Cost\,of\,Material \over Weight\,of\,Material}$$, $$Price\,Per\,Unit\,Volume= {Total\,Cost\,of\,Material \over Volume\,of\,Material}$$. [48] TEPCO believes the fuel assembly fell out of the pressure vessel to the floor of the primary containment vessel, and that it has found fuel debris on the floor of the primary containment vessel. [118] But, as with the industrial sector in general, it is in software domains where some of the greatest productivity and safety gains will be found. For example: samarium enables smaller and more powerful magnets that are also far more stable at high temperatures. The reactor core isolation cooling system (RCIC) was successfully activated for Unit 3; however, the Unit 3 RCIC subsequently failed, and at about 09:00 on March 13, the nuclear fuel had melted into corium. But not anymore.[34]. The stated barrel life expectancy of the 2A26M2 model gun was 600 rounds of HE/HEAT equivalent to 600 EFC (Effective Full Charge) or 150 rounds of APFSDS. A single battery providing a useful driving range weighs about 1,000 pounds. The T-72 was the most common tank used by the Warsaw Pact from the 1970s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. with a higher melting temperature than that of the metal However, there are several After the war, Syrian president Hafez Al-Assad called it "the best tank in the world".[86]. Only after modernisation, could the factory begin full-scale production of the T-72. A jolt-squeeze 7, 2017. More modern derivatives include the Polish PT-91 Twardy. Unit cost: US$0.51.2 million in 19941996, 30,962,000 (Tankovyy Mostoukladchik) Armoured bridge layer, capable of laying a 50 t (55 short tons) capacity bridge spanning 18 m (59 ft) in three minutes. [31], Finally, in any full accounting of environmental realities, there is the disposal challenge inherent in the very large quantities of batteries, wind turbines, and solar cells after they wear out, a subject discussed below. The nation now produces more gas than it consumes and is thus a net exporter; it also produces 90% of net petroleum needs and is thus essentially strategically independent. A slight over-pressure prevents entry of contamination via bearings and joints. similar to a die and can be made of wood, plastic, or Game Relikt defends against tandem-charge warheads and reduces penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent. [11], The implications of such remarkable increases in the demand for energy minerals have not been entirely ignored, at least in Europe. greatly increases the production rate and also has many Corium, also called fuel-containing material (FCM) or lava-like fuel-containing material (LFCM), is a material that is created in the core of a nuclear reactor during a meltdown accident. [56] The turret armour of the T-72B was the thickest and most effective of all Soviet tank armour; it was even thicker than the frontal armour of the T-80B. The steps in this process are time, thus increasing the production rate. The core-boxes can also Pilot only (in panoramic monitor/linear seat cockpit in torso) Return to top. Embodied energy costs can add up to surprising levels. Troubles continued in 1974 where out of a state production quota of 440 only 220 were officially declared, with the actual number of completed tanks being close to 150. MSG-UC: #3 - Episode #5 Oct 31, 2022. [76][77][78][79], The calculation vs HEAT is more complicated.[77]. 19.6 meters64.304ft
771.654in
Specific definitions of sustainability are difficult to agree on and therefore vary in the literature and over time. Rear (MS Mode) [140] In May 2022, some Russian tankers said they eventually removed the cages, as they obstructed the use of machine guns and radios, and prevented evacuation if the tank caught fire. Chinas annual battery trash alone is already estimated to reach 500,000 tons in 2020. almost any alloy. Embodied energy arises from the fuel used to dig up and move earth, grind and chemically separate minerals from the ores, refine the elements to purity, and fabricate the final product. Some export versions of the T-72 lacked the laser rangefinder until 1985 or sometimes only the squadron and platoon commander tanks (version K) received them. Kartsev was to lead this team. Firstly, I must calculate the density of the material using the below method: $$Density = {Mass\,of\,Material \over Volume\,of\,Material} = {550\,lb \over 5\,ft^3} = 110\,lb/ft^3$$, $$Volume = Base\,Area Depth = 50\,ft^2 8\,in = 33.33\,ft^3$$, $$Weight = Density Volume = 110\,lb/ft^3 33.33\,ft^3 = 1.833\,t$$. [120] Mines, for example, have only begun to use automated drills and trucks. Similar scales are expected from end-of-life batteries used in electric cars and on power grids. There is just minimizes turbulence. shrinkage is an open riser. These two intersecting trends have led to significant transformations in supply-chain dependencies. Full disclaimer. [27] In 1964, two 125-mm guns of the D-81 type had been used to evaluate their installation in to the T-62, so the Ural plant was ready to adopt the 125mm calibre for the T-64A as well. Depleted uranium armour-piercing ammunition for the 125mm (4.9in) gun has been manufactured in Russia in the form of the BM-32 projectile since around 1978, though it has never been deployed, and is less penetrating than the later tungsten BM-42 and the newer BM-42M. (d) Hanna Vikstrm et al., Lithium Availability and Future Production Outlooks, Applied Energy 110 (2013): 25266. protrudes must be cut off. 0090 U.C. [105] It can take one to three decades to get one new mine into production.106 This compares with a permitting process that typically takes about two years in Canada and Australia. There are different preparations of the of the mold-making is not greatly influenced by the part [102] Only 20 surviving Vickers tanks were able to retreat to Saudi Arabia. The T-72's main gun is fitted with an integral pressure reserve drum, which assists in rapid smoke evacuation from the bore after firing. geometries. [109] The total number of T-72s lost during Operation Desert Storm was about 150 (unrepairable or captured). Kuwaiti tanks were able to knock out one T-72 during the ambush, but were defeated in response with the commander of the 6th brigade captured. It doesnt eliminate the fact that building green machines is made possible by using the properties of many specific elements. [24], GABTU sent a T-64A prototype with a team to Uralvagonzavod. Vagonka tank plant manager I.F. Profile The material cost for sand casting These tanks had better and more consistent quality of make but with inferior armour, lacking the resin-embedded ceramics layer inside the turret front and glacis plate armour,[citation needed] replaced with all steel. Your one-stop teacher supply store! weight of the part. Not your Daddy's fishing report E-mail James . In sand casting, the primary piece Kartsev skillfully beat back this play for power, embarrassing Krutyakov in the process. All machines wear out, and there is nothing actually renewable about green machines, since one must engage in continual extraction of materials to build new ones and replace those that wear out. The The basic T-72 is relatively underpowered, with a 780hp (580kW) supercharged version of the basic 500hp (370kW) V12 diesel engine originally designed for the World War II-era T-34. [70] The dramas are, of course, animated by real-life dependencies and conflicts over resources, local labor abuses, and gratuitous damage to the local environment. To find out the mass in tons, multiply your volume in liters by the density of the substance (in tons per liter). Unit cost: US$0.51.2 million in 19941996, 30,962,000 (Tankovyy Mostoukladchik) Armoured bridge layer, capable of laying a 50 t (55 short tons) capacity bridge spanning 18 m (59 ft) in three minutes. The 'Object 187' used composite armour for the turret ("Super Dolly Parton" composite armour) and the hull front, and RHA for the rest of the tank. [34], In 2018, the 3rd Central Research Institute in Moscow had tested a proof-of-concept demonstration for robotic tank mobility, and was planning to further develop it based on the T-72B3 and other platforms. The pattern is [58] KE-effective ERA, such as Kontakt-5, drove the development of M829A3 ammunition.[59]. It was added to the T-72 as a response to testing conducted by the Soviet Union against captured Israeli Magach-4 tanks which found that the glacis of the T-72 could be penetrated by the 105mm M111 APDSFS Hetz ammunition.[54][55]. [126] But in calling for things like stockpiling (specifically for national defense), greater access to federal lands, financial support, and expedited permitting, todays administration is following the same proposals made serially by previous administrations, in both political parties, over many decades. Fire!" [43] They look like whitish yellow patches on the surface of the solidified corium. However, as the World Bank cautions, the materials implications of a clean tech future creates a new suite of challenges for the sustainable development of minerals and resources.[17] Some minerals are difficult to obtain for technical reasons inherent in the geophysics. [44] These secondary minerals show several hundred times lower concentration of plutonium and several times higher concentration of uranium than the lava itself. In addition to the external and Beam Rifle (Long Beam Saber)Shield (2-barrel Grenade Launcher, Beam Cannon, 2 x Beam Saber) Late model T-72s, such as the T-72B, featured improved turret armour, visibly bulging the turret frontnicknamed "super-Dolly Parton" armour by Western intelligence. Movement [24], Kartsev's defiance angered GABTU, which initially reprimanded him for his insubordination. [29], Venediktov's team later replaced the T-64-style suspension with the Obj. The crew is supplied clean air via an air filter system. However, the autoloader is of a noticeably different design. The pattern can (e) John F. Slack et al., Cobalt, in Critical Mineral Resources of the United StatesEconomic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply, USGS Professional Paper 1802, Dec. 19, 2017. [14], Ob. The T-72 has been in extensive use in the Syrian Civil War by the Syrian Arab Army since 2011. The ton is a unit of mass/weight and the liter is a unit of volume. 165 were readied as the T-62 and T-62A respectively. 165 and Ob. allow for the fabrication of many complex internal We have an article and calculator devoted to converting volume and weight. EC1V 2NX, instructions for how to enable JavaScript. There is just [31], The March 11, 2011, Thoku earthquake and tsunami caused various nuclear accidents, the worst of which was the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. It featured an additional 16mm (0.63in) of high hardness steel appliqu armour on the glacis plate, which produced an increase of 43mm (1.7in) in line of sight thickness. When the 20 wind turbines that constitute just one small 100-MW wind farm wear out, decommissioning and trashing them will lead to fourfold more nonrecyclable plastic trash than all the worlds (recyclable) plastic straws combined. It is piloted by Riddhe Marcenas. Unit cost: US$0.51.2 million in 19941996, 30,962,000 (Tankovyy Mostoukladchik) Armoured bridge layer, capable of laying a 50 t (55 short tons) capacity bridge spanning 18 m (59 ft) in three minutes. Thus, any significant expansion in green machines tiny share of domestic energy will radically increase imports of either those machines, or the green energy minerals, or both. The T-72 has been used by the Russian Army in the fighting during the First and Second Chechen Wars and the Russo-Georgian War. [14], To improve on the T-62, two designs based on the tank were tested in 1964: Nizhny Tagil's Object 167 (T-62B) and Kharkiv's Object 434. 105 - Gravel lb/ft. A similar feature that aids in reducing In what can be considered an opposite approach, vacuum [68] Such realities can lead to the surprising outcome that the energy required to recover a recycled mineral can be greater than expended to get it from natures ore.[69], That doesnt mean that recycling wont continue to have a role, even a greater one. One needs to build additional machines, roughly two to three times as many, in order to produce and store energy when the sun and wind are available, for use at times when they are not. 500,000 Pounds: Total Materials Extracted and Processed per Electric Car Battery, A lithium EV battery weighs about 1,000 pounds. The sand mold separates along Both mold halves are contained inside a box, called a For our first example, lets imagine we have a space that measures 20 feet in length and 8 feet in width. Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of bedrock formations by a pressurized liquid. However, by 1971, even Ustinov was growing tired of problems with the T-64. The autoloader disconnects the gun from the vertical stabilizer and cranks it up three degrees above the horizontal in order to depress the breech end of the gun and line it up with the loading tray and rammer. [114] A 2019 Department of Commerce report lists more than 60 recommendations; essentially all of them echo, and are nearly identical to, those made in previous similar reports from both Democratic and Republican administrations. [citation needed], Background: History of the tank, Tank classification, Tanks in the Cold War. allowing many metals to be cast that have high melting automated in a process known as flask-less molding. Rocket Thrusters solidification of the molten metal and provides a source the core can be anchored in place. Obtaining sufficient quantities of natures elements, at a price that markets can tolerate, is fundamentally determined by technology and access to the land where they are buried. It is hard for an armoured brigade to destroy a division in 12 hours but it happened; it was a disaster for the Iranians". For T-90MS Relikt is a basic set, for the T-90S basic set Kontakt 5. casting process, utilizes expendable sand molds to form Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union Dmitry Ustinov, believed the parallel development of Ob. Thats the reason that the overall global levels of net recycling and capture of most metals (for all purposes, not just e-waste and green waste) are below 20%, and much lower than those for all the rare earths. More than 85% of that, so far, is for nonenergy purposes. 167. Wind farms come close to matching hydro dams in material consumption, and solar farms outstrip both. cores. [39] To the extent that a rising share of those cars are electric, the demand for a wide variety of minerals will grow even faster.[40]. Dynasty Warriors Gundam RebornMobile Suit Gundam Unicorn [45] According to official standards of the Russian armed forces, however, the optimal height is 1.75m (5ft 9in),[46] which was average at the time the tank was designed. However, the core may The tank commander reputedly had to order firing by repeating his command, when the T-72 is on the move: "Fire! The majority of losses recorded occurred from three to six kill shot hits to the sides, top and rear of a vehicle. 2. His tank was destroyed and he suffered severe burns. As I explored in a previous paper, The New Energy Economy: An Exercise in Magical Thinking,[1] many enthusiasts believe things that are not possible when it comes to the physics of fueling society, not least the magical belief that clean-tech energy can echo the velocity of the progress of digital technologies. The Resilient Labor Market Can Still Make a Continued Recovery Article. Prototype Transformable Assault Mobile Suit Metal, on the other hand, is more expensive, but will complexity of the cores will affect the time to The crew is individually supplied with simple rebreather chest-pack apparatuses for emergency situations. [15], Ob. It tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. 2017). [57] So far, the majority of e-waste recyclingas is much other wastetakes place in poorer nations willing to undertake the labor-intensive, largely unregulated, and sometimes hazardous processes involved. tooling cost. 9. 1(5), "Vse tanki SSSR. These parts can vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from a couple ounces to several tons. Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of bedrock formations by a pressurized liquid. Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection, "Czolgi Swiata" (World's Tanks or Tanks of the World) magazine issue 20, Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, pg. Variants Beam MagnumLong Mega Buster core size), and hence the cost. Each core is positioned in the mold before the Get your first month for 1 (normally 3.99) when you buy a Standard Eurogamer subscription. Lastly, small [57] The glacis was also fitted with 20mm (0.8in) of appliqu armour. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. And the world produces nearly 600,000 tons of consumer electronics annually. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks Wood also will wear quicker from the sand. For rare earths, some 20 to 160 tons of ore are mined per ton of element. [84] It is assumed that Syrian T-72 never met the Merkava in battle. [18] Since civilization could not exist without extracting minerals from the earth, society has long had to contend with the challenges associated with the responsible extraction of resources. Because of its high The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks There are also energy costs for electricity at the mine site (in remote areas, often diesel-powered) to run machines that crush rocks, as well as the energy costs in producing and using chemicals for refining. [66], A recent Department of Energy vision for offshore wind (never mind onshore wind farms) in the U.S. would lead to nearly 10 thousand tons of neodymium alone buried inside more than 4 million tons of machinery that will eventually head for waste dumps. [4], Building those wind machines consumes enormous quantities of conventional materials, including concrete, steel, and fiberglass, along with less common materials, including rare earth elements such as dysprosium. [88], Green Energys Radical Acceleration of Strategic Dependencies. The truth is that depending on imports for small quantities of minerals used in vital military technologies can be reasonably addressed by building domestic stockpiles, a solution as ancient as mining itself.
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